Outline the Current Legislation Essay

1.1 Outline the Current Legislation Covering Home Based Childcare and the Role of Regulatory Bodies Part One: Consider 4 pieces of legislation that are important for home based child-carers and how you would outline these to Anjum’s parents? As I am addressing the Parents , I would communicate with them in a language that would help them understand the key information, in a non-patronising, reassuring, profession and informative manner. Firstly, I would explain what legislation is: laws, rules and regulations passed by our government. I would then verbally touch on each act listed below and provide examples how this would effect them as individuals, thus avoiding overloading them with facts and figures, and making the laws more personal to them. Four relevant pieces of legislation to home-based childcare are: 1). The Children’s Act (2004), â€Å"Every Child Matters† paper, which identifies five outcomes for children: Be healthy. e.g: healthy fresh foods, fresh air, exercise, regular nappy changes Stay safe; e.g: health and safety to be adhered regarding food preparation, storing of medicines/cleaning equipment, regular risk assessments, following equipment & toy manufacturers guidelines, sanitary environment, appropriate skincare & protection when outside Enjoy and achieve; e.g: lean through play with songs, puppets, puzzles and games. Encourage ‘free play’ where Anjum can use her own imagination to role play and engage with the other children Make a positive contribution; e.g: encourage Anjum to be aware of the wider community around my setting. Celebrate different cultures, visit charity shops with an old toy, sort out the recycling etc†¦ Achieve economic well-being; e.g: Initiate opportunities for children to fulfil their potential by observing things they are good at and providing positive and encouraging feedback. How does this effect Anjum and her Parents: Here I would explain that the above outcomes form the backbone of my setting experience, and the examples are a few I would maintain, of which the regulatory body OFSTED will inspect. 2). The Equality Act (2010), which collectively covers that there should be no discrimination between: Race Male/female Disabilities Religions/beliefs Age Sexual orientation Individuals who have undergone a sex change How does this effect Anjum and her Parents: Here I would explain how important it is to build a strong partnership between myself and the parents regardless of any of the factors above, and how I would like to establish this through: Forming a relationship prior to joining the setting with settling-in visits for both Anjum and her Parents. Open communication with the Parents & exchanging information regularly. Valuing input and ideas from the Parents by encouraging them to be involved in decisions affecting their child. Ensuring that each child is welcomed in the setting, this can be achieved by a warm greeting and a child friendly environment. Recognising individual needs by encouraging links with home e.g., favourite blanket at nap time, ensuring Anjum’s faith or heritage is reflected in the activities, and that toys and equipment in the setting are age appropriate Creating links between home and the setting, e.g. a daily diary between parents and myself, scrap books for the children to share, photos. 3). The Childcare Act (2006), which implemented the: EYFS (Early Years Foundation Stage) OFSTED registers Children’s centres and extended schools Local authorities to ensure sufficient childcare and information is provided Free early years 3-4 year old funding How does this effect Anjum and her Parents: Here I could explain current legislation covering the registration procedure and registration requirements such as training with my local authority and inspection by the regulatory body Ofsted, who monitor evidence of EYFS at my practice. I will show them my registration certificate displayed on the wall and a copy of my OFSTED report. 4). Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations – â€Å"RIDDOR† (1995), a law stating that specific accidents & incidents must be reported How does this effect Anjum’s Parents: I will ask Anjum’s Parents to view and sign my policies and procedure documents covering accidents, illness and emergencies and explain the relevant forms with which I record illness and accidents. Part Two: How would you go about outlining the regulatory body and its 4 roles to Anjum’s parents? Firstly, I would explain that OFSTED stands for the Office for Standards and Education, and is a government department responsible for the inspection of all childcare settings. They are responsible for: Registration. I would explain this covers a CRB check on myself and the other adult over 16 living in my setting Inspection. Once registered, my setting is inspected and a report drawn up reflecting the standard of service I offer. I would give Anjum’s Parents a copy of this report, and it would also be visible on my website. Investigation. Should any concerns or complaints arise regarding my setting or service, OFSTED would investigate that I am meeting welfare requirements. Enforcement. In the case of me not meeting welfare requirements, OFSTED can take action against me. These four roles protect all children by safeguarding children’s welfare and ensuring that only suitable people offering proper premises, environment and equipment are able to practice childcare. Documentation and training, policies and procedures must be up to date and available not only to view in written document, but also to witness within the day to day running of the setting. In Conclusion Once I had verbally covered the above topics in a friendly, conversational manner, I would of course back up all the information in a simple file covering legislation and the regulatory bodies, including copies of all my registration and training certificates and further contact details and websites should they wish to find out further information, once they have digested what I have shared with them.

Pressco Case Study Essay

In reviewing the proposal presented by Pressco, Inc. to provide new mechanical drying equipment at a cost of $2.9 million I have considered the cash flow implications of the purchase in terms of present value of the investment and estimated resulting savings, as well as possible alternatives to purchase, and the current political climate as it affects the business issues of taxation and energy policy. Following this review, it is my recommendation that we enter into a contract for the purchase of the equipment in question before the end of the year for the following reasons. Currently, our tax rate is not particularly favorable. We have experienced some small reductions in the late 1970’s, however the introduction of Supply-Side economics into mainstream policy indicates more favorable rates as rumored are on the horizon, making this a better time to spend money and reduce our taxable income. The projected cost savings will not begin until we are likely to be benefitting from a more favorable tax rate, letting us make more money when it costs us less in terms of taxation. We are spending when spending is cheaper and making more money when making money is cheaper as well. I have provided additional detail on the options and my rationale below. Assessment of Investment Cash Flows: Assuming purchase of the equipment for cash, at a total cost of $2.9 million, there are several possible scenarios to consider: tax and depreciation rates remaining as they are or changing and the loss or continuation of the Investment Tax Credit (ITC). Without providing an excess of detail here, those scenarios include: a possible tax rate decrease from the current level of 46% to 34%, possible extension of depreciation to 7 years, and the possible repeal for the ITC tax credit, as well as the possibility of â€Å"Grandfathering† the last two options. Additional detail on these calculations and the possible permutations considered is available in Appendix A. To summarize my findings, purchase options resulted in net present values ranging from $1.4 million to $1.9 million for a return on our investment over the next 10 years. Assessing the likelihood of each option and assigning weight to each possibility is an inexact science, but I believe it in unlikely that in the current political climate we will not see both a reduction in the tax rate and an increase in the length of time over which we are required to depreciate capital assets. I have assigned weights  to each option with this in mind, and have come up with an average weighted estimate of the net present value of the investment of: $1.7 million. Alternatives to Purchase: As opposed to purchasing new equipment, we could opt to maintain the equipment we currently have, which has an estimated service life of 11 years remaining. We could retain all of our claimed Investment Tax Credit for this purchase, which has two years of depreciation left, and would not be required to invest in any new training for our employees. We would recognize $31,000 in depreciation in present value terms, as well as save an estimated $200,000 in training costs and losses due to lower production during the â€Å"learning curve†. I estimate these savings to be approximately one month of payroll to include both the time spent on training, and our reduced production as employees learn how to use the new equipment. Additional detail of this option is provided in Appendix B, C, & D. In conjunction with keeping the existing equipment, we would have the opportunity to make a different investment with the $2.9 million. Current Taxation Environment: The current Congress and Presidential administration have made a number of changes to the business environment through taxation and associated regulations in the past several years. As such, it is important to consider as many likely and reasonable options as possible when evaluating the effects of taxes on capital purchases. With the election of President Regan, the previously more fringe notion of Supply-Side Economics has begun to be implemented, starting first with the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, which in addition to other business incentives, accelerated depreciation for capital expenditures to 5 years. This provision was repealed the following year as part of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982. We saw the back & forth over reducing tax rates and providing spending incentives to businesses again with the failed Tax Reform Act of 1983 which ultimately was rolled into the Tax Reform Act of 1984. It has become clear that the one thing we do know about the future situation of business tax is uncertain. Because of the strong bias of the current Presidential administration towards lowering tax rates, I believe that it is likely we will experience a certain degree of relief in that area. However, it is more important than  ever at this time that we not depend to heavily on benefits derived from more favorable tax treatment. As such, it is in our interest to also determine if a given project will produce a positive financial result, even in less favorable taxation scenarios. Fuel Efficiency Considerations: Of the $560,000/year savings Pressco, Inc. has estimated we will enjoy as a result of purchasing their equipment, $360,000 (or 64%) is allocated to fuel-efficiency. Therefore, we must closely examine the current climate surrounding fuel efficiency. There are two components to considering the effect of fuel economy: the possibility of future tax incentives and/or penalties for fuel efficiency in manufacturing, and the price of fuel. The most likely scenario for tax incentives to increase fuel efficiency will be in the form of credits for purchases, which through buying now we will likely not be able to take advantage of. Penalties for higher fuel consumption may be levied at a point in the not-too-distant future as the Federal Government strives to both more comprehensively address environmental concerns, and regulate the price of fuel. We saw both of these in The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, and with the Highway Revenue Act of 1982, which temporarily increased the gaso line excise tax by $0.05 (an increase from $0.04 to $0.09). The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 established reserves of crude oil and gave the President the authority to order maximum domestic production as well as rationing and conservation measures in times of crisis. This is important because these measures are clear indicators of the interest the Federal Government is taking in reducing and stabilizing fuel prices. When looking at the history of fuel prices, I see that we are in a period of unusually high prices. It is of critical importance that we evaluate the likelihood of prices remaining this high for the life of the equipment in order to consider how much of the $360,000/year savings is credible in the long-term. From 1948 through the 1960’s, the price of crude oil was fairly consistent with the price of inflation, but in 1973 as a result of the oil embargo, crude oil prices increased four-fold. Prices remained fairly stable at this level through the rest of the decade, increasing three-and-a-half-fold again with the war in Iran again disrupting production. Most recently, OPEC has been  unsuccessful in setting production quotas low enough to stabilize prices, and they have again begun to drop. While we cannot expect prices to drop back to their 1971 levels, it is wise to examine the effect of lowered fuel prices on the overall investment value. Reducing the savings attributed to fuel efficiency by 25% ($270,000/year) reduces the weighted average net present value of the investment to $1.5 million, and reducing those savings brings the net present value to $1.2 million. Still arguably viable, but less attractive. See Appendix E & F for additional detail. Conclusion: While the savings proposed by Pressco, Inc. may not be as great as anticipated by their marketing representative, we are still in a strong position to make this purchase with cash available and take advantage of the cost savings. Even if the savings attributed to fuel efficiency are  ½ of what is projected, the equipment will still provide an investment value of over $1 million in excess of the purchase price. Additionally, even if our tax rate were to stay the same, we would continue to realize financial benefits, making this investment one that is based o more than mere speculation or salesmanship.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 17

â€Å"Her name's Ulma,† a voice said, and Elena looked down to find Lakshmi holding back the curtains of the litter with a hand over her head. â€Å"Everybody knows Old Drohzne and his slaves. He beats 'em until they pass out and then expects 'em to pick up his rickshaw and go on carrying a load. He kills five or six a year.† â€Å"He didn't kill this one,† Elena murmured. â€Å"He got what he deserved.† She squeezed Ulma's hand. She was vastly relieved when the litter stopped and Damon himself appeared, just as she was about to start bargaining with one of the litter bearers to carry Ulma in their arms to the doctor. Without regard for his clothing, Damon still somehow managed to convey disinterest even as he picked up the woman – Ulma – and nodded to Elena to follow him. Lakshmi skipped around him and took the lead into an intricately patterned stone courtyard and then down a crooked hallway with some solid, respectable-looking doors. Finally, she knocked on one and a wizened man with a huge head and the faintest remnant of a wispy beard opened the door cautiously. â€Å"I don't keep any ketterris here! No hexen, no zemeral! And I don't do love spells!† Then, peering short-sightedly, he seemed to focus on the little group. â€Å"Lakshmi?† he said. â€Å"We've brought a woman who needs help,† Elena said shortly. â€Å"She's pregnant, too. You're a doctor, aren't you? A healer?† â€Å"A healer of some limited ability. Come in, come in.† The doctor was hurrying into a back room. They all followed him, Damon still carrying Ulma. Once she arrived, Elena saw that the healer was in the corner of what looked like a crowded wizard's sanctuary, with quite a bit of voodoo and witch doctor thrown in. Elena, Meredith, and Bonnie glanced at one another nervously, but then Elena heard water splashing and realized that the doctor was in the corner because there was a basin of water there, and the healer was washing his hands thoroughly, rolling his sleeves up to his elbows and making a lot of frothy bubbles. He might call himself a â€Å"healer,† yet he did understand basic hygiene, she thought. Damon had put Ulma onto what looked like a clean white-sheeted examining table. The doctor nodded to him. Then, tch-tching, he pulled out a tray of instruments and set Lakshmi about fetching cloths to clean the cuts and staunch the profuse bleeding. He also opened various drawers to pull out strong-smelling bags and stood on a ladder to pull down clumps of herbs that were strung from the ceiling. Finally he opened a small box and took a pinch of snuff, himself. â€Å"Please hurry,† Elena said. â€Å"She's lost a lot of blood.† â€Å"And you've lost not a little,† the man said. â€Å"My name is Kephar Meggar – and this would be Master Drohzne's slave, yes?† He peered at them, looking somehow as if he were wearing glasses, which he wasn't. â€Å"And you would be slaves, too?† He stared at the single rope Elena was still wearing, and then at Bonnie and Meredith, each wearing the same. â€Å"Yes, but – † Elena stopped. Some infiltrator she was. She'd very nearly said â€Å"But not really; it's just to satisfy convention. She settled for saying, â€Å"But our master is very different from hers.† They were very different, she thought. Damon didn't have a broken neck, for one thing. And for another, no matter how vicious and deadly he might be, he would never strike a woman, much less do something like this to one. He seemed to have some kind of internal block against it – except when he was possessed by Shinichi, and couldn't control his own muscles. â€Å"And yet Drohzne allowed you to bring this woman to a healer?† The little man looked doubtful. â€Å"No, he wouldn't have let us, I'm sure,† Elena said flatly. â€Å"But please – she's bleeding and she's going to have a baby†¦.† Dr. Meggar's eyebrows went up and down. But without asking anyone to leave while he treated her, he pulled out an old-fashioned stethoscope and listened carefully to Ulma's heart and lungs. He smelled her breath, and then gently palpated her abdomen below Elena's bloody camisole, all with a professional air, before tipping to her lips a brown bottle, from which she drank a few sips, then sank back, her eyes fluttering closed. â€Å"Now,† the little man said, â€Å"she's resting comfortably. She'll need quite a bit of stitching of course, and you could use a few stitches yourself, but that's as your master says, I suppose.† Dr. Meggar said the word master with a definite implication of dislike. â€Å"But I can almost promise you that she won't die. About her babe I don't know. It may come out marked as a result of this business – striped birthmarks, perhaps – or it may be perfectly all right. But with food and rest† – Dr. Meggar's eyebrows went up and down again, as if the doctor would have liked to say this to Master Drohzne's face – â€Å"she should recover.† â€Å"Take care of Elena first, then,† Damon said. â€Å"No, no!† Elena said, pushing the doctor away. He seemed like a nice man, but obviously around here, masters were masters – and Damon was more masterful and intimidating than most. But not, at this moment, to Elena. She didn't care about herself right now. She'd made a promise – the doctor's words meant that she might be able to keep it. That was what she cared about. Up and down, up and down. Dr. Meggar's eyebrows looked like two caterpillars on one elastic string. One lagged a little behind the other. Clearly, the behavior he was seeing was abnormal, even liable to be punished by serious means. But Elena only noticed him peripherally, the way she was noticing Damon. â€Å"Help her,† she said vehemently – and watched the doctor's eyebrows shoot up as if they were aimed for the ceiling. She'd let her aura escape. Not completely, thank God, but a blast had definitely discharged, like a flash of sheet lightning in the room. And the doctor, who wasn't a vampire, but just an ordinary citizen, had noticed it. Lakshmi had noticed it; even Ulma stirred on the examining table uneasily. I'm going to have to be a whole lot more careful, Elena thought. She cast a quick look at Damon, who was about to explode, himself – she could tell. Too many emotions, too much blood in the room, and the adrenaline of killing still pulsing in his bloodstream. How did she know all that? Because Damon wasn't perfectly in control, either, she realized. She was sensing things directly from his mind. Best to get him out of here quickly. â€Å"We'll wait outside,† she said, catching his arm, to Dr. Meggar's obvious shock. Slaves, even beautiful ones, didn't act that way. â€Å"Go and wait in the courtyard then,† the doctor said, carefully controlling his face and speaking to the air in between Damon and Elena. â€Å"Lakshmi, give them some bandages so they can staunch the young girl's bleeding. Then come back; you can help me.† â€Å"Just one question,† he added as Elena and the others were walking out of the room. â€Å"How did you know that this woman is pregnant? What sort of spell can tell you that?† â€Å"No spell,† Elena said simply. â€Å"Any woman watching her should have known.† She saw Bonnie flash her an injured look, but Meredith remained inscrutable. â€Å"That horrible slaver – Drogsie – or whatever – was whipping her from the front,† Elena said. â€Å"And look at those gashes.† She winced, looking over two stripes that crossed Ulma's sternum. â€Å"In that case, any woman would be trying to protect her breasts, but this one was trying to cover her belly. That meant she was pregnant, and far along enough to be sure about it, too.† Dr. Meggar's eyebrows drew down and together – and then he looked up at Elena as if peering over glasses. Then he nodded slowly. â€Å"You take some bandages and stop your own bleeding,† he said – to Elena, not to Damon. Apparently, slave or not, she had won some kind of respect from him. On the other hand, Elena seemed to have lost stature with Damon – or at least, he'd cut his mind off from hers quite deliberately, leaving her with a blank wall to stare at. In the doctor's waiting room, he waved an imperious hand at Bonnie and Meredith. â€Å"Wait here in this room,† he said – no, he ordered. â€Å"Don't leave it until the doctor comes out. Don't let anyone in the front door – lock it now, and keep it locked. Good. Elena is coming with me into the kitchen – that's the back door. I do not want to be disturbed by anyone unless an angry mob is threatening the house with arson, do you understand? Both of you?† Elena could see Bonnie about to blurt out, â€Å"But Elena's still bleeding!† and Meredith was with her eyes and brows calling council on whether or not they needed to hold an immediate velociraptor sisterhood rebellion. They all knew Plan A for this: Bonnie would throw herself into Damon's arms, passionately weeping or passionately kissing him, whichever best fit the situation, while Elena and Meredith came at him from the sides and did – well, whatever had to be done. Elena, with one flash of her own eyes, had categorically nixed this. Damon was angry, yes, but she could sense that it was more with Drohzne than with her. The blood had agitated him, yes, but he was used to controlling himself in bloody situations. And she needed help with her wounds, which had begun to hurt seriously, ever since she'd heard that the woman she had rescued would live, and might even have her baby. But if Damon had something on his mind, she wanted to know what it was – now. With one last comforting glance at Bonnie, Elena followed Damon through the kitchen door. It had a lock on it. Damon looked at it and opened his mouth; Elena locked it. Then she looked up at her â€Å"master.† He was standing by the kitchen sink, methodically pumping water, with one hand clenched against his forehead. His hair hung over his eyes, getting splashed, getting wet. He didn't seem to care. â€Å"Damon?† Elena said uncertainly. â€Å"Are you†¦all right?† He didn't answer. Damon? she tried telepathically. I let you get hurt. I'm fast enough. I could have killed that bastard Drohzne with one blast of Power. But I never imagined you'd get hurt. His telepathic voice was at once filled with the darkest kind of menace imaginable and a strange, almost gentle, calm. As if he were trying to keep all the ferocity and anger locked away from her. I couldn't even tell him – I couldn't even send words to him to tell him what he was. I couldn't think. He was a telepath; he would have heard me. But I didn't have any words. I could only scream – in my mind. Elena felt a bit light-headed – a little more light-headed than she'd already been feeling. Damon was feeling this anguish – for her? He wasn't angry about her flagrantly breaking rules in front of crowds, maybe breaking their cover? He didn't mind looking bedraggled? â€Å"Damon,† she said. He'd surprised her into speaking out loud. â€Å"It – it – doesn't matter. It's not your fault. You would never even have let me do it – † â€Å"But I should have known you wouldn't ask! I thought you were going to attack him, to jump on his shoulders and throttle him, and I was ready to help you do that, to take him down like two wolves taking down a big buck. But you're not a sword, Elena. Whatever you think, you're a shield. I should have known that you would take the next blow yourself. And because of me, you got – † His eye drifted to her cheekbone and he winced. Then he seemed to get a grip on himself. â€Å"The water is cold, but it's pure. We need to clean those slashes and stop that bleeding now.† â€Å"I don't suppose there's any Black Magic around,† Elena said, half jokingly. This was going to hurt. Damon, however, immediately began opening cupboards. â€Å"Here,† he said after checking only three, triumphantly coming up with a half-full bottle of Black Magic. â€Å"Lots of doctors keep this as a medicine and anesthetic. Don't worry; I'll pay him well.† â€Å"Then I think you should have some, too,† Elena said boldly. â€Å"Come on, it'll do us both good. And it won't be the first time.† She knew that the last sentence would clinch it with Damon. It would be a way of getting back something that Shinichi had taken from him. I'll get the whole of his memories back from Shinichi somehow, Elena decided, doing her best to screen her thoughts from Damon with white noise. I don't know how to do it, and I don't know when I'll get the chance, but I swear I will. I swear. Damon had filled two goblets with the rich, heady-smelling wine and was handing one to Elena. â€Å"Just sip at first,† he said, helpless but to fall into the role of instructor. â€Å"This is a good year.† Elena sipped, then simply gulped. She was thirsty and Clarion Loess Black Magic wine didn't have any alcohol – as such – in it. It certainly didn't taste like regular wine. It tasted like remarkably refreshing effervescent spring water that was flavored with sweet, deep, velvety grapes. Damon, she noticed, had forgotten to sip as well, and when he offered her a second glass to match his, she accepted willingly. His aura sure had calmed down a lot, she thought, as he picked up a wet cloth and began, gently, to clean the cut that almost exactly followed the line of her cheekbone. It had been the one to stop bleeding first, but now he needed to get the blood flowing again, to cleanse it. With two glasses of Black Magic on top of no food since breakfast, Elena found herself relaxing against the back of the chair, letting her head drop back a little, and shutting her eyes. She lost track of time, as he stroked the cut smoothly. And she lost strict control of her aura. When she opened her eyes it was in response to no sound, no visual stimulus. It was a blaze in Damon's aura, one of sudden determination. â€Å"Damon?† He was standing over her. His darkness had flared out behind him like a shadow, tall and wide and almost mesmerizing. Definitely almost frightening. â€Å"Damon?† she said again, uncertainly. â€Å"We're not doing this right,† he said, and her thoughts flashed at once to her disobedience as a slave, and Bonnie and Meredith's less serious infractions. But his voice was like dark velvet, and her body responded to it more accurately than her mind. It shivered. â€Å"How†¦do we do it right?† she asked, and then she made the mistake of opening her eyes. She found that he was stooping over her as she sat on the chair, stroking – no, just touching – her hair so softly that she hadn't even felt it. â€Å"Vampires know how to take care of wounds,† he said confidently, and his great eyes that seemed to hold their own universe of stars caught and held her. â€Å"We can clean them. We can start them bleeding again – or stop them.† I've felt like this before, Elena thought. He's talked to me like this before, too, even if he doesn't remember. And I – I was too frightened. But that was before†¦ Before the motel. The night when he'd told her to run, and she hadn't. The night that Shinichi had taken, just as he'd taken the first time they'd shared Black Magic together. â€Å"Show me,† whispered Elena. And she knew that something else in her mind was whispering too, whispering different words. Words that she would never have said if she had for a moment thought of herself as a slave. Whispering, I'm yours†¦ That was when she felt his mouth lightly brush her mouth. And then she just thought, Oh! and Oh, Damon†¦until he moved to gently touch her cheek with his silky soft tongue, manipulating chemicals first to make cleansing blood flow, and finally when the impurities had all been so softly swept away, to stop the blood and to heal the wound. She could feel his Power now, the dark Power that he had used in a thousand fights, to inflict hundreds of mortal wounds, being held tightly in check to concentrate on this simple, homely task, to heal the mark of a whiplash on a girl's cheek. Elena thought it was like being stroked with the petals of that Black Magic rose, its cool smooth petals gently sweeping away the pain, until she shivered in delight. And then it stopped. Elena knew that she'd once again had too much wine. But this time she didn't feel sick. The deceptively light drink had gone to her head, making her tipsy. Everything had taken on an unreal, dreamlike quality. â€Å"It will finish healing well now,† Damon said, again touching her hair so softly that she could barely feel it. But this time she did feel it, because she sent out fingers of Power to meet the sensation and enjoy every moment of it. And once again he kissed her – so lightly – his lips barely brushing hers. When her head fell back, though, he didn't follow, even when, disappointed, she tried to put pressure on the back of his neck. He simply waited until Elena thought things out†¦slowly. We shouldn't be kissing. Meredith and Bonnie are right next door. How do I get myself in situations like this? But Damon isn't even trying to kiss†¦and we're supposed to be – oh! Her other wounds. They really hurt now. What cruel person had thought up a whip like that, Elena thought, with a razor-thin lash that cut so deeply it didn't even hurt at first – or not that much†¦but got worse and worse over time? And kept bleeding†¦we're supposed to be stopping the bleeding until the doctor can see me†¦. But her next wound, the one that burned like fire now, was diagonally across her collarbone. And the third was near her knee†¦. Damon started to get up, to get another cloth from the sink and cleanse the cut with water. Elena held him back. â€Å"No.† â€Å"No? Are you sure?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"All I want to do is cleanse it†¦.† â€Å"I know.† She did know. His mind was open to hers, all its turbulent power running clear and tranquilly. She didn't know why it had opened to her like this, but it had. â€Å"But let me advise you, don't go donating your blood to some dying vampire; don't let anyone sample it. It's worse than Black Magic – â€Å" â€Å"Worse?† She knew he was complimenting her, but she didn't understand. â€Å"The more you drink, the more you want to drink,† Damon answered, and for a moment Elena saw the turbulence she had caused in those calm waters. â€Å"And the more you drink, the more Power you can absorb,† he added seriously. Elena realized that she had never even thought of this as a problem, but it was. She remembered the agony it had been to try to absorb her own aura before she had learned how to keep it moving with her bloodstream. â€Å"Don't worry,† he added, still serious. â€Å"I know who you're thinking about.† He made a move again to get a cloth. But without knowing it, he had said too much, presumed too far. â€Å"You know who I'm thinking about?† Elena said softly, and she was surprised at how dangerous her own voice could sound, like the soft padding of heavy tigress feet. â€Å"Without asking me?† Damon tried to finesse his way out. â€Å"Well, I assumed†¦.† â€Å"No one knows what I'm thinking about,† Elena said. â€Å"Until I tell them.† She moved and made him kneel to look at her, questioningly. Hungrily. Then, just as it was she who had made him kneel, it was she who drew him to her wound.

The Parthenon, 447-438 B.C. and the Pantheon, 117-125 A.D Research Paper

The Parthenon, 447-438 B.C. and the Pantheon, 117-125 A.D - Research Paper Example Parthenon was constructed entirely using marbles. The marbles used were very strong, which is arguably the reason why the building has survived up to today. Wijesinha reveals that the Greeks strongly believe in simplicity. According to the Greeks, an understatement is elegance, which means that genuine fashion must be simple. The Parthenon was arguably built with the saying in mind according to Wijesinha. In this regard, the Greeks used very tall columns made of three architectural designs namely Ionic, Doric, and Corinthian. Despite the fact that the Parthenon’s pillars were slanted little inwards, it is very difficult to notice since the pillars just appear straight. This architectural design was meant to symbolize perfect straightness since if this could not have been achieved, then the pillars could have appeared as if they were slanting outwards. The Parthenon also has friezes and statues beautifully painted with bright colors to symbolize scenes from Greek arts. The building is also surrounded with Peristyle. It is reported that inside the building stands a 12-meter high Athene statue, who is the Athenians goddess. This statue is made of gold and ivory. The statue also appears to hold a Nike figure on one of its hands while in the other hand is a sword. Behind the statue is a room where the Athenians used to make jewelry offerings to the Athene, their goddess. In addition, the Parthenon also has alter where animals and birds were scarifies. This altar is located outdoors where worshipers remained .

Agree with Mr. G. Raymond article and write 3 pages, cite the sources

Agree with Mr. G. Raymond and write 3 pages, cite the sources. 4.1DF51 - Article Example on to employ electronic documentation systems in managing data and information in hospital facilities, and this is where the challenge to its effective implementation arises. In order to accomplish a considerable level of flexibility in the data that is used in computer based record system, the classification systems of nursing are essential, but they are not sufficient enough to represent aspects of the nursing profession. In consideration of actions and decisions that nurses make, it may not be very possible to encode such processes into a computer data system that can be reproduced or reapplied anywhere else (Henry, et al, 2005). In essence, the actions taken by nurses in providing medical care, and which are encoded as interventions must be considered as critical inputs in developing computer based record systems. The function and structure of classifications systems that exist and are meant to encode interventions by nurses cannot be accurate in depicting the nature of the work that nurses do in a way that can facilitate reusing of the data. To be able to capture and electronically represent in clinical context data that reflects an encounter of a patient with a practitioner in a health care facility is a significant challenge for system developers. To be able to encode data by employing standard classification and coding and yet be able to link it to resources that are based on knowledge such as clinical guidelines, may not be an easy thing for system developers to achieve (American Nurses Association, 1991). If standardization of language for nurses will inevitably require electronic or computer documentation of patient information and data, then the first concern that must be considered is the enormous start up cost for putting in place electronic systems for recording and processing medical data. This challenge is compounded by the fact that all charts, and which are numerous, be converted into electronic format. In advent, practitioners and other

Organizational Change At Qatar Olympic Committee Essay

Organizational Change At Qatar Olympic Committee - Essay Example The conference supported playing for a greener future. Moreover, the QOC entered in a partnership with the Look Company to promote innovative environmental awareness (â€Å"The LOOK Company† 1). Through this partnership, QOC derives the free will and ability to help in conserving the environment.The transition plan shall include the establishment of an environmental policy for QOC and a QOC 2030 Sustainability Plan. The QOC should also establish an environmental committee to implement the QOC environmental policy and the QOC 2030 Sustainability Plan. The organizational change will also include partnerships with sporting bodies like IOC, FIFA, and non-governmental organizations that promote environmental conservation like UNEP. The QOC should also convince the Qatar government to invest more money in environmental conservation. The QOC shall engage the youths and community-based organizations to create environmental awareness that seeks to enhance sustainable development. I wil l also encourage QOC to promote the recycling of branding elements made of fabric and recommend better ways of conserving energy and reducing gas emissions in the sporting manufacturing companies. These measures will define organizational change that will foster environmental conservation at the QOC.Nevertheless, I face a great personal challenge to achieve my objective due to my lack of persistence and poor persuasive skills. Indeed, I am prone to quick discouragements and I lack the capacity to persuade the QOC to adopt my proposal.

Vietnam vs. Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vietnam vs. Iraq - Essay Example They focus more on the differences and thus any similarity, if there exists any, is rejected off-hand. Instead of juxtaposing Iraq with Vietnam, which serves as a symbol of shameful defeat for the US, these proponents who compare this war instead with Nazi or Imperial Japan that were subdued by US forced during the Second World War. There is yet another group that feels that some similarities exist but there are differences too. for example counterinsurgency operations were involved in both cases but there is no force like North Vietnam present for Iraq. Since the fall of Saigon in 1975, Vietnam has been the symbol of failed US policies and bad military choices for many critics. It is seen as the worst possible demonstration of misplaced aggression and has been influencing American voters' attitudes towards war and use of force against a third party. Thus Vietnam analogy was something US couldn't keep out of discussion. It had to enter this debate since Vietnam's example is important and every time, US administration is criticized for its aggressive use of force, Vietnam can serve as a suitable reminder. Apart from that Vietnam also shaped the political awareness of generation that now rules America. When we closely study the case in point however more differences than similarities seem to exist between the two experiences. Vietnam in 1960s was a powerful nation and one that had long resisted against foreign domination. Sense of nationalism was strong, mobilized against the French by communists and thus people took extreme pride in their own political and social structure. They did not need a third party to tell them what was right for them. Iraq on the other hand was a weaker nation plagued by years of warfare and internal conflicts. Nationalism was missing because of extreme religious and ethnic tensions. In Vietnam, United States had adopted a vastly different approach of aggression. It had started out as an insurgency that later bloomed into full scale war. That was not the case in Iraq where it had been a full-fledge war from the beginning though it later transformed into insurgency. Similarly while Vietnam was well trained and its military strength was a force to reckon with, Iraq was a fragmented military power with no support from external sources. Apart from this, we also need to understand United States' global strategic position then and now. In 1960s, there were other powers that could keep United States' military aggression in check. Soviet Union could act as a great restraining force but that was not the case now. United States today enjoys a more powerful position globally and it has greater presence in the world than it had with USSR acting as a formidable force. It was now easier for the US to move ahead and overthrow the government in Iraq which was neither the intenti on nor the result of war with Vietnam.

Organization behavior of Frontier Airlines Research Paper

Organization behavior of Frontier Airlines - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that for an organization to succeed in the realization of its goals and objectives, it must have a clear vision, mission, and proper strategies. Furthermore, all members of the organization must pursue to achieve a better state than its current situation. The underlying factor is improving future returns of the organization through consistent evaluation of a positive trend.   The southwest airline, therefore, has laid down appropriate measures that it perceived vital to operation and success in the industry.   Having worked to this company for 3years it is worth clarifying that Frontier Airlines operational success has been supported by consistent organizational transformation and motivation towards the leading airline in the United States and globally. The company has diversified from the usual simple concepts of hospitality and reservations to an institution that recognizes the effort of employees as a crucial component of an organiza tion. Moreover, southwest Airline values employees’ role in diversity. The organization values the need for change embraces the technology and believes that good leadership enhances productivity. The original southwest airline was founded in 1971 by two pioneers Rollin King and Herb Kelleher to plying the route through Dallas to San Antonio.   It gained popularity in the  1980s as the first airline that offered low-cost carriage by giving an  opportunity to the passengers’ discounts in their cost of freight per mile distance.

Use data mining tools (Weka) to enhance a marketing exercise Assignment

Use data mining tools (Weka) to enhance a marketing exercise - Assignment Example Tayko company is almost dispatching their next mail out, the company want to flag out clients who are promotional receptive. This is important because it will help them reduce their cost and also maintain a good relationship with their customers by not becoming a bother to those who do not need the promotion. The company wishes to come up with a better and a targeted list by selecting their clients randomly and sending the trial promotion to them. The paper therefore, mine the data to assist Tayko identify the attributes of companies that show that they will respond positively to the mail-out. This will help improve the performance of mailing promotion. The attitude of the customer toward the product, and the perception of the company of origin are crucial factors when assessing the receptiveness of the customer. As the figures of younger, and high income clients with increasing demand for electronic products continues to grow, the market become interesting and the need on assessing the receptiveness of the clients to the company’s brands and business becomes very crucial. The receptive of the customers to the company’s goods is not considered a conventional framework when selecting the market. However it has crucial implications for the marketing department in sensitizing and assessing the standard, easily accessible risk indicators of commercials used. Tayko introduces the customer receptiveness as an added criterion in the specialized mechanism to the assessment of its customer’s relation. 2. Data pre-processing a) Therefore, the best indicator of the client’s receptiveness to the promotion is attribute number 25 describing the amount spent by client in test mailing in terms of dollars. b) Another attribute that could be selected as this, is the attribute that highlighted the client made purchases in test. The â€Å"test purchase request† will document the service pursuant of sales and has information on the clients name, a ddress, corporation, and firm where the customer’s request. Additionally, it contains the office mailing address, signature, title, name, and the telephone numbers for the client making the request. The attribute is also important because it contains the statement of the conduct nature under investigation. Also, it is crucial because it contains the statement that the service must be tendered at the place and time. c) There are other attributes that are not important in this project. Such attributes includes, â€Å"How many days ago was first update to customer record†, and the sequence number for the customer (Han & Kambe, 2006). The meaningless attributes creates a valued difference between the brands, and during the process. When the meaningless attributes are added they change the decision consumer structure, majorly if the differentiated attribute is hard to evaluate. This may make the consumers to infer the value of attributes. d) Some of the classification model that I designed using the Weka classifier is as shown in the figure below. The above is the visualization of the mailing promotion model. Data @attribute seq numeric @attribute US binary @attribute Freq numeric @attribute web_order {1, 0} @attribute Gender=male numeric @attribute Address_is_res binary @attribute Purchase {1, 0} @data 4, 200210, 200601, 0 5, 200301, 200601, 1 Calculation === Run information === Scheme: weka.classifiers.rules.ZeroR Relation: Ass3Data67_33 Instances: 1501 Attributes: 25 Seq US Source_1

Life Is a Journey Speech Essay Example for Free

Life Is a Journey Speech Essay Sometime you can just feel a person’s spirit around you. In many ways, we can see that the death of something does often leave some kind of impact, and as a result of this impact something about us inevitably changes. I’m sure we’ve all had to deal with a close relative or a friend passing away, and it’s not the easiest thing, but there’s so much to learn from it. I’ve never really had a reason to until my good friend Dominique passed away earlier last year. Its nuts that one-day we’re all sitting together sharing a few laughs, and the next day a member of our group is no longer with us. Dominique was one of the smartest and most compassionate people I knew. He’d always make sure others were comfortable and never put himself before others. And that’s part of the reason why his death affected me so much; it’s saddening to know that a person that has done so much good can pass away at such a young age. Granted it is saddening, we can only learn from the good he has accomplished. It was hard seeing someone go that moved through life with you like water (simile). But I learned a lot from it. About embracing moments. About taking chances. About never giving up. About gratitude. About me (alliteration). Life is a journey (metaphor). And I never really understood what that meant until Dominique passed. As an active member of his community and a student at University of Maryland, Dominique always had something to offer to others. He always counted his blessings and paid it forward. Which continually blew my mind; why is someone so young worried about giving back to others when he has so much life left to live? Especially after Dominique’s death, I’ve realized that we can go so unexpectedly. When most people hear this, they think of all of the things that they have not done yet, the places they want to go, the crazy stories they want to tell, but because of my friend Dominique, I am able to see there are far more important things to live your life by; like establishing good character, and having the ability to be selfless. I’m not saying this is easy, but it is something I believe everyone should strive for in life. We all go through struggles on a daily basis but should we give up or continue to bite our teeth and fight on. Every setback happens for a reason, and this is the best time to learn from our mistakes, correct them, and hopefully not make the same mistakes in the future. Learn something new and strengthen yourself. My favorite quality of Dominique’s was that he never expected, demanded, or assumed anything. He always gave people the benefit of the doubt, did his best, and controlled the elements that he could control. We’ve all heard the quote; â€Å"Things that don’t kill you will only make you stronger.† After every setback, bounce back and become stronger. He always fought like the courageous man he was (simile). We often don’t realize that our attitude determines our unhappiness or misery. He always taught me to become determined to stay positive. Circumstances will direct you, correct you, and perfect you over time; so whatever you do, hold on to hope. The last thing Dominique really opened my eyes to was that he was never afraid to get out of his comfort zone. He was never shy and always put himself out there. Sometimes, when you are too comfortable in your journey to success, you will not improve, and tend to become okay with where you stand. Dominique was a great example of someone who kept moving forward and wasn’t afraid of what he may run into. We’ve all taken the first step of getting out our comfort zone by signing up for SP CM 212. But we must keep in mind that it’s a work in progress and that nothing comes easy. Dom always tried to persuade me into doing something I wouldn’t normally do and to give everything a chance. Thanks to him we were able to share a few memories by going on multiple trips together. By following the same old routine we begin to bore those around us and even ourselves. I guess I never really understood why it was such a big deal that every minute lost was never coming back to us. Your minutes are the only thing on this earth that there’s a limited amount of. We tend to take death pretty hard and question why they had to go at such a young age. But maybe we’re doing it all wrong and should be remembering the great things that person accomplished and what they left us with. If you’re looking for a happy ending and can’t seem to find one, maybe it’s time to remember the great things. When I look back at my life I can see how perfect all has been for me to be right where I am today. And I’m sure that goes to for many of us here. Life is a mystery unfolding every moment! (metaphor). Some of the strongest people out there are the ones who laugh the hardest with a genuine smile and have gone through the hardest of hardships.

Rise And Growth Of Communalism

Rise And Growth Of Communalism India has always been a hub of cultural and religious diversities and its orientation goes back in the historical times. India has a number of religions and they co-exist side by side peacefully. This diversity includes a large number of Hindu populations and a minority of Muslims. Despite this factor there had never been much of a problem between the two religions. So what led to the disputes between these two diverse religions? There is a belief that people following same religion have common thinking and cultural, social, economical and political interests. The communalist emphasizes that Hindus and Muslims cannot have common secular interests, instead their interests are bound to be opposed to each other. Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Christian communalisms have similar ideologies. The rise and growth of communalism Communalism emerged as a consequence of the emergence of modern politics. As Jawaharlal Nehru said One must not forget that communalism is a latter-day phenomenon which has grown up before our eyes, which means that this ideology came into being in the recent-past and it was a result of the conditions which have in other societies produced similar ideologies and phenomenon. The consciousness of communalism in India arose under the impact of colonialism and the need to fight against the system, which was not accepted by the citizens of India during the colonial rule. The new ways of common interests started building up amongst the people because of the growing political, economic and social amalgamation of the regions, the developing opposition between colonialism and the citizens of India and the common desire to make India into a nation. This also followed from the birth of the new politics during the late 19th century. It was based on the increasing number of politicization and mob ilization of the Indians. The transformation in the ideologies was a gradual and difficult process. The process included the spread of modern ideas of cultural and linguistic development, nationalism and the need to raise voice against discrimination on the basis of region, race, religion, caste, color, etc. In the process of spreading and accepting these ideas and identities, gave a way to some other new ideas and identities. The religiousness consciousness was transformed into communal consciousness in some parts and sections of the country. This transformation took place as there were some factors that favored its growth in that situation and served these sections of the society. The ideology of communalism grew across the country during in the 20th century as it had political and socio-economic roots. The resulting economic downfall and the impact on the Indians produced conditions which were favorable to division and opposition within the society. Some of the problems like unemployment, especially for th e educated middle and lower-middle classes who could not fall back on their land and the absence of development of health, education, etc., led to socio-economic deterioration. This situation gave birth to some of the popular movements including nationalist movement, which enabled to look for long term solutions to the problems of the people by fighting against colonialism. The lower-middle and middle classes were the ones who were part of the military nationalist movement and left wing parties. But because of intense competition after the economic downfall among the individuals for jobs, the middle class individuals used other group identities such as religion, caste, region, etc. for getting a larger share of economic opportunities. Communalism benefitted these individuals in the short run but at the same time gave birth to communal politics. People started using this technique of communalism to achieve their individualistic goals. However, it played short-term and partial role in the social existence of the middle classes. Communalism often misinterpreted social tension and class conflict between the exploiters to different religions as communal conflict. Most often, the exploiting sections were the upper class Hindus and the exploited were Muslims or lower class Hindus. The Muslim communalists used to grumble that the Hindus are exploiting Muslims or the Hindu Communalists used to complain about the Muslims destroying their property. The struggle between landlords and tenants in various parts of the country also portrayed the struggle between Muslims and Hindus. The landlord-moneylender coercion, attack by rural poor on rural urban and many such cases were represented as oppressions by Muslims on Hindus or by Hindus on Muslims. One aspect of the growth of communalism in Punjab was the attempt by the higher level Muslim landlords to protect their economic and social position by using the way of communalism as revenge against the act performed by the Hindu moneylenders and traders against the Muslim ten ants to protect their threatened class interests. Communalism also enabled the colonial rulers and the upper classes to unite with the lower classes and to utilize the politics of the later to serve their own needs. The Divide and Rule policy under the rule of British bore special responsibility for the growth of communalism in modern India. But it is true that the reason for this success was the internal political and social conditions. They used communalism to counter and weaken the growing national movement. It was being portrayed as a problem of the defense of minorities by the British. The disunity between Hindus and Muslims and the need to protect the minorities and the suppression by the majority was a form of justification for protection of the British rule. An attempt was made to put caste against caste, region against region, leftist against rightist and even one class against the other. But the most successful was the communal division which survived till the end. The colonial authorities did whatever they could do by staking everything on it to make Indians fight against each other. Communalism was not developed to such an extent that it could divide the country into two, but the powerful support of the colonial rule increased the chances of division of the country. It was communalism that helped the British in influencing the workers, the middle and lower middle classes and the peasants which gradually included all the sections of the society. The peasants during the 19th century lacked the understanding of the colonial system and the social movements itself and also lacked the possession of new ideologies that we as a nation can have a concept of an alternative and self-governing society. The concept that would unite the people in a common struggle and develop political movements that would last for a long term. On 26th March 1902, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, in one of his speeches included the condition of the country, the condition of finances of the country and the poverty of the people. He came to a conclusion that the condition of the people is deteriorating gradually and its the worse in the economic history of the world. He set to analyze the budget in detail and showed how the land and other taxes had been going up even in cases of drought and famine. He asked for reduction of these taxes so that the middle and the lower middle classes would not be harassed. He was victorious as his proposal was accepted by the British government. Bharat Singhs, one of the revolutionaries, approach towards politics was very secular and he understood the conditions of the people more clearly and the danger that communalism posed to the nation and the national movement. He and his companions were against and openly opposed the suggestion that youth belonging to religious-communal organizations should be appointed as a member of the Sabha. He wrote that a new group of youth was coming forward who did not recognize any differences based on religion and saw a person as a human being and then as an Indian, instead of discriminating on the basis of religion. He admired Lala Lajpat Rai as a leader but he didnt stand by him during the last years of his life as Lajpat Rai switched to communal politics. He saw the importance of making the people free from all the mental burden of religion. A large number of revolutionaries started criticizing the colonial ideologies and some turned to Marxism, some had the idea of a socialist revolution and the others joined the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the Communist Party, the Gandhian wing of the Congress and the other Left parties. In the years following the Non-cooperation Movement, 1922, the conviction of nationalism was still alive in the hearts of the Gandhian followers, who kept the Government on its toes by not following the colonial policies and protested and fought for their rights. The colonial operations by the British colonialists in India led to growth of the communal organizations and movements. These organizations focus on promoting the interests of that particular community. Some of these organizations were Hindu Mahasabha, All India Muslim League, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, etc. Indian National Congress (INC) was found in the 1885 in order to narrow the Hindu-Muslim divide and all sorts of discrimination between Indians on the basis of religion. But Sir Sayed and many such Muslim leaders portrayed the Congress as a representative body of Hindus, so they tried to hinder the unity between Hindus and Muslims. Poor participation of Muslims in the INC proves it. The majority of number of seats was being dominated by Hindus. At the same time Hindus were against the Congress as the religious and communal leaders thought that this movement was supportive of the Western cultural assault. All India Muslim League was a movement that started by the Muslim leaders on 30th December 1906 as a proposal for a political association for the Muslims in India. The motive behind this proposal was to counter Congress influences, to protect Muslim interests and to support the British administration. The 1st meeting of this proposed entity took place in Karachi on the 20th December, 1907. It gave the Muslim leaders a platform on local, national and international levels. Khilafat Movement (1919-24), was an Islamic movement in India during the colonial rule. It was an effort by the Indian Muslim community to unite together against the Turkish Empire ruled by the Khalifa, whom the Muslims considered as the caretaker of Islam. The leaders involved the Khilafat movement fully supported the non-violent methods of Gandhi facilitating the establishment of Muslims and Hindus against colonialism. This effort formed a major threat to the British rule. This movement did not last long and resulted in violent incidents and the final outcome was deaths of many Indian and British people. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the members of the Gandhis congress party, made speeches on pressurizing Hindus and Muslims to live together, but later in 1935 when he returned to India he came up with a mission to save Indian Muslims from Hindu domination. He built up a moribund Muslim League which he later disclosed that this union was only for the Muslims. Hindu Mahasabha was a Hindu nationalist organization which was found in 1915 to oppose the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League. This movement started at a small scale as a conference in Allahabad by the leading Hindus. Many socio-political problems led to emergence of Hindu Mahasabha as a communal organization. A certain section of Hindus decided to organize the Hindus with the motive of self-defense. Madan Mohan Malaviya enlightened his fellow Hindus that Muslims and Christians had been carrying on activities since a long time resulting in non-participation of Hindus. Conclusion There have been many such conflicts between Hindus and Muslims in India since the beginning of the colonial rule which may be in the form of violence or non-violence. Before the colonial rule, both the religious groups: Hindus and Muslims were able to live together peacefully. There were communal movements and conflicts in the country which were based on religious communities and strong feelings of nationalism in India during the late 19th century. Some Muslim leaders desired to call for a communal Muslim society. This belief led to initiation of a separate community for Muslims. It became very difficult for them to follow the colonial policies, culture and power. They started refusing to learn English and to associate with the British. They found that Hindus were at better positions with the British in government than they were and they started believing that they favored Hindus. On the other hand, Hindus protested against the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League as they believed that the other religious communities were getting the opportunity to participate in political events but they were neglected. The British took advantage of the disputes and misunderstandings between these two religious groups by strategizing one against the other and by favoring the seemingly more peaceful Hindus and Sikhs over the Muslims and enforcing their belief systems upon each religion. Jinnah took an astonishing decision by demanding a separate nation for Muslims in the sub-continent. Later, in the year 1947 he was rewarded with a new country, Pakistan because of the growing communal tensions.

Studies on Adolescene of Piaget and Erikson Essay -- Compare Cognitive

Studies on Adolescene of Piaget and Erikson Adolescence is considered a difficult time of life and one in which a number of changes occur as the individual achieves a certain integration of different aspects of personality. One approach to the cognitive and emotional transitions made at different times of life is to consider how the changes in, say, adolescence are linked to a continuum of change beginning in childhood and continuing throughout life. Some theorists, such as Piaget, were interested primarily in the transitions of childhood and youth, while others, such as Erikson, saw all of life as a series of transitions and offered a continuum of stages covering all of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Piaget became fascinated in his early studies with his discovery that children of the same age often gave the same incorrect answers to questions, suggesting that there were consistent, qualitative differences in the nature of reasoning at different ages, not simply a quantitative increase in the amount of intelligence or knowledge. This discovery marked the beginning of Piaget's continuing effort to identify changes in the way children think; how they perceive their world in different ways at different points in development. Piaget's contributions can be summarized by grouping them into four main areas. First, he produced literature on the general stages of intellectual development from infancy through adulthood. This concern occupied him from 1925 to 1940, and after 1940 he began to describe some of the developmental stages in formal, structural terms using models from symbolic logic (Flavell, 1963, 1-9).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The different stages postulated by Piaget help to explain different rats of learning at different ages as well as the types of learning possible at different ages for the majority of the population. Learning itself is seen by Piaget as a process of discovery on the part of the individual, and learning as a formal activity becomes a system of organization by which instruction is enhanced by the way the teacher arranges experience. Learning is thus experiential, and Piaget suggests that experiences have meaning to the extent that they can be assimilated. Such assimilation does not take place without accommodation, an aspect of considerable importance from the point of view of adaptation and possible development:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the principal aims of the teacher wil... ...enerativity versus stagnation--the individual needs to be needed and to assist the younger members of society, and generativity is concerned with guiding the next generation. The last stage is that of ego integrity versus despair, and this is the time when the way the other conflicts were decided has an influence. If the preceding conflicts were not suitably handled, despair may result in later life (Liebert & Spiegler, 1982, 88-92).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Piaget was most interested in the learning stages for the child, while Erikson carried his stages through the life cycle. Both indicate how the stage of adolescence is part of a continuum, however, prepared for by childhood and leading to adulthood. Further research may differentiate even more divisions over the adolescent years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flavell, J.H. (1963). The developmental psychology of Jean Piaget. New York: D. Van Nostrand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furth, H.G. (1969). Piaget and Knowledge. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liebert, R. M. & M. D. Spiegler (1982). Personality: Strategies and issues. Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whitbourne, S.K. & C.S. Weinstock (1986). Adult development. New York: Praeger.

Brain Development :: Child Development, Neurons

Child development is crucial throughout the early years, during this time the development of the brain occurs. The development of the brain contributes to the functioning of the body. The anatomy of the brain is made up of neurons and divided into four different lobes. The temporal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes control a variety of cognitive functions. The brain controls simple functions such as fine and gross motor skills, vision, and memory. According to Meadows (1993, p.263), at all sorts of levels in the brain there are programs for functions such as breathing, sleeping, and producing coherent language. Brain development in children is vital during the early years. During the early years, children brains are active enabling children to learn a variety of information. Many studies have been conducted and they have concluded a healthy lifestyle, physical activity, and exposing young children to a variety of education material assist with child development. The first few y ears of a child’s life is crucial as far as his intellectual as well as socio-emotional abilities are concerned (Bose, 2000). Brain Development Brains and the more nonessential parts of the nervous system are made up of neurons (Meadows, 1993 p. 266). The brain is made up of neurons, axons, dendrites, and synapse. They all have their individual job that contributes to the functioning of the body. The weight of the brain increases as a child develops into adulthood. According to Siegler & Alibali (2005, p13), the changes in the size of the brain make it possible for advanced thinking. The neurons are the functioning core of the brain (Brotherson, 2005). The brain begins to develop in the mother’s womb and continue to develop as the child develops. The neuron has branches protruding from the cell sending signals to the synapse and axon. The synapse and axon shapes the brain which allows connections to be made. Young children learn new information when they follow the same routine on a regular base. If a parent repeatedly calls a child a certain name, then connections form that allow the child to recognize that name ove r time and he or she will begin to respond to that name (Brotherson, 2005). Through repetitive experiences the axons and synapse strengthen causing learning to take place. The brain is divided into four major lobes: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and the temporal lobe. Each lobe contributes to cognitive development in young children.

Investigating The Style And Te :: essays research papers

“On the Road'; by Jack Kerouac is a fresh and captivating novel which follows the life of Sal Paradise as he sets to the roads of America to escape the repetition of every day life. His journeys become a quest for new experiences and a new way of living, crossing both moral and legal boundaries in search for true freedom. Kerouac uses many techniques to attempt to convey the theme of personal freedom as well as to achieve freedom of expression. Jack Kerouac applies an original, spontaneous style of writing to his novels which helps him to convey his themes. His brilliant use of imagery and his vibrant characterisations also allows him to easily express his feelings and ideas in a way that could not have been achieved otherwise. One aspect of “On the Road'; which allows Kerouac to express the theme of personal freedom is use of a spontaneous method of writing. This method creates a free flowing rhythm and structure, which emphasises the theme of personal freedom due to it’s loose style and ability to capture the true feelings of the author as he writes. This original style was used by Kerouac in order subconsciously to express the thoughts of the mind in a continually flowing way without the constraints of the traditional rules of writing. Kerouac stated that when writing using this method one must “never afterthink to improve or defray impressions'; because “the best writing is always wrung-out';, “tossed from cradle';, from “the song of yourself.'; Text written in this original way effectively conveys the emotion and energy of the author as well as allowing the reader to empathise greatly with the story. “On the Road'; is written entirely using the “spontaneous prose'; technique. An example of this is the final paragraph in the novel. It contains only one long sentence seperated by many commas and conveys the natural spontaneous thoughts of the main character, Sal Paradise, as he thinks of his old friend, Dean Moriarty: “So in America when the sun goes down and I sit on the old-broken down river pier watching the long, long skies over new New Jersey and sense all that raw land that rolls in one bulge over to the West Coast, and all that road going...all the people dreaming in the immensity of it...and tonight the stars’ll be out, and don’t you know that God is Pooh Bear?

Dr. Faustus as a Tragic Hero.

Dr. Faustus the protagonist of Christopher Marlowe's great tragedy can be considered as a tragic hero similar to the other tragic characters such as Oedipus or Hamlet. Dr. Faustus who sells his soul to Lucifer in exchange of twenty four years of knowledge ought to have some special features in order to be considered as a tragic hero. But first of all let me present Aristotle's definition of a â€Å"Tragic hero† and then I will elaborate on each element in relation to the tragedy of â€Å"Dr. Faustus†. According to Aristotle, â€Å"the tragic hero evokes both our pity and terror because he is neither good nor thoroughly bad but a mixture of both; this tragic effect will be stronger if the hero is better than we are. Such a hero suffers from a change of happiness to misery because of his mistaken choice which is led by his hamarcia (error of judgment). The tragic hero stands against his fate or the gods to demonstrate his power of free will. He wants to be the master of his own fate. He decides to make decisions but mostly the decision making would lead to weakness or his own downfall. Now according to Aristotle's definition of a â€Å"tragic hero† it is time to elaborate on the clues in details in order to conclude that Dr. Faustus can also be a tragic hero according to following reasons: Firstly because Dr. Faustus as a tragic hero evokes our pity. We feel some form of connection with him because he has a sense of realism. Dr. Faustus makes mistakes which can be also all h uman condition. He wants to gain more knowledge that is also another part of human condition to learn and understand more. We sympathize with Dr. Faustus because his feelings are similar to other human beings at the end we really want him to repent in order to change his fate radically. We sympathize with him at the end of the drama when it is time for a farewell to his soul. Although he has done many faults but we really want God not to be so fierce towards a human being. He desires: O soul, be changed to little water drops And fall into the ocean. Ne're be found. My God, my God, look not so fierce on me! ( Act V, Scene ii: lines 180-182) Secondly because Dr. Faustus is a well-known and prosperous character, so the reader notices to his reputation as a well-respected scholar inevitably. In Act I, Scene i ; he calls for his servants and students in his speech about various fields of scholar ship which suggests him to be a prosperous intellectual. Philosophy is odious and obscure, Both law and physic are for petty wits, Divinity is basest of the three, Unpleasant, harsh, contemptible, and vile; ‘Tis magic, magic that hath ravished me. ( Act I, Scene i: lines 107-111 ) His reputation as a scholar has been mentioned both in the beginning and at the end. It is one of the clues to present Dr. Faustus as a tragic hero so that the readers would be able to sympathize with him throughout the whole drama. In the closing lines the scholars put emphasis on this aspect more when they lament about their respectful professor's death. Yet for he was a scholar once admired For wondrous knowledge in our German schools, We'll give his mangled limbs due burial; And all the students, clothed in mourning black, Shall wait upon his heavy funeral. (Act V, Scene iii: Lines 14-19) Thirdly because Dr. Faustus' mistaken choice, exchange of his soul to Lucifer, results in his downfall. His agreement with the devil blinds him in choosing between right and wrong. In the opening speech, in Act I, Faustus tells that he is skillful in different sciences but he wants to know more. FAUSTUS. How am I glutted with conceit of this! Shall I make spirits fetch me what I please, Resolve me of all ambiguities, Perform what desperate enterprise I will? I'll have them fly to India for gold, Ransack the ocean for orient pearl, And search all corners of the new-found world For pleasant fruits and princely delicates; I'll have them read me strange philosophy, And tell the secrets of all foreign kings; I'll have them wall all Germany with brass, And make swift Rhine circle fair Witttenberg; I'll have them fill the public schools with silk, Wherewith the students shall be bravely clad; I'll levy soldiers with the coin they bring, And chase the Prince of Parma from our land, And reign sole king of all the provinces; Yea, stranger engines for the brunt of war, Than was the fiery keel at Antwerp-bridge, I'll make my servile spirits to invent. ( Act I, scene i: lines 79-98 ) Actually the desire for learning is part of human nature but he chooses the wrong way without some sense of guilt. His hasty desire for power and honor did not allow him to repent. He was so confused that he couldn't decide on following the ways of God or the path of Lucifer. Fourthly because Dr. Faustus wanted to support his own plot to make his own decision. This aspect of his character was as a result of the Renaissance period, unlike the medieval period, the dominance of fate upon human life became as a matter of ignorance. It was time for secular matters. Therefore, the dominance of science shadowed upon individuals thought . Dr. Faustus wanted to take destiny in his own hands to demonstrate the power of free will against fate. A case in point is when he passionately demanded Mephistophilis to: Go, bear these tidings to great Lucifer: Seeing Faustus hath incurred eternal death By desperate thoughts against Jove's deity, Say, he surrenders up to him his soul, So he will spare him four and twenty years, Letting him live in all voluptuousness; Having thee ever to attend on me, To give me whatsoever I shall ask, To tell me whatsoever I demand, To slay mine enemies, and to aid my friends, And always be obedient to my will. Go, and return to mighty Lucifer, And meet me in my study at midnight, And then resolve me of thy master's mind. ( Act I, Scene iii: lines 91-104 ) He did not want to be a puppet dancing to the strings of destiny, despite the fact that tragedy functions paradoxical towards human destiny. Hence according to the aspects which I elaborated on, I can describe Dr. Faustus as a tragic hero. Although he devoted himself completely to Lucifer, never choosing right and making a tragedy out of his own downfall, but I found the drama as an optimistic and didactic one. I believe that Marlowe wanted to teach Christian faith besides a chance for salvation. Marlowe uses the tragic irony of Dr. Faustus as his ultimate intention to illustrate the downfall of a tragic hero.

Joseph’s Story Essay

Joseph’s story is a common one of an unsuspected massive heart attack. Even though Joseph had numerous existing factors that put him at risk of heart conditions he continued to live with no fear, or ambition to make changes. While playing ball with his son in the park, Joseph experienced his worst case scenario, a massive heart attack. There were several elements that went into this clinical turn for the worst. Joseph’s heart could now have irreversible damage due to the advanced stage of the condition. When Joseph’s heart stopped working in the park the cells that make up the heart started to use up the remaining ATP that was left in the cells. Because there was no heart function to push oxygenated blood through the vessels the carbon dioxide levels started to increase and PH levels dropped within the cell. The heart was no longer providing blood flow with the rich oxygen and glucose to the mitochondria, which is needed for the production of ATP. Without ATP it was only a matter of a few moments before the active transport pumps in the plasma membrane had stopped. This seize of activity had now allowed for sodium to begin leaking out of the cells and potassium to leak in. Joseph’s lungs could no longer expel harmful carbon dioxide from his body, or bring important oxygen in. Cells were dying. As Joseph lay in the park his son was crying and calling for help. Lucky for them both, some people were nearby who ran to ran to their aid. As one person called for help, another person started CPR on Joseph’s heart. CPR allowed for fresh oxygen to reach his cells and with every chest compression more carbon dioxide was expelled from his body. However, Joseph’s cells were still unable to produce ATP and the structure of the cells were being compromised to say the least. The lack of ATP also meant that special calcium ATPases had stopped moving calcium from the cytosol into endoplasmic reticulum of his cardiac muscle cells. As the intracellular calcium levels rose within the cells, they caused proteases to spill into their interiors of the cell, attacking the cytoskeleton. Lysosomal enzymes as well as mitochondrial organelles are usually contained by membranes or vesicles. A lot of a cell does it contained within that membrane. When a cell starts to die the first to start seize is the membrane, exchanging nothing intentional, but leaking nutrients in and out. The instructions Joseph’s body needs to repair itself and his disposition for vascular disease are both contained within the cell, inside DNA, located in the nucleolus. As the intracellular calcium levels rose, they caused proteases to spill into the interior of the cell, attacking the cytoskeleton. Lysosmal enzymes normally bound safely inside vesicles began to digest the plasma membrane and the membranes of the organelles. Oxygen is required by cells to produce ATP, oxygen, and nutrients, multiple cellular processes affecting hemostasis. Joseph was not treating his body with the care it needed. As a result the cells in his body reacted in a damaging way. Health and disease are ultimately determined at the cellular level.

Examine the tensile strength of three specimen of low, medium and high carbon steels is examined

The aim of this laboratory experiment is to examine the tensile strength of three specimen of low, medium and high carbon steels is examined. The microstructure of the specimen is determined and calculations such as tensile strength, yield strength etc were clearly recorded. Also, the background theory was stated, the apparatus and procedure used to achieve the experiment was described. The main part of this lab report is the discussion on the results and how close they've been calculated to the original theoretical values by taking into consideration some external experimental errors. The last part of this report is the conclusion on the whole procedure. INTRODUCTION The main purpose of this lab report is by using a tensile testing machine (Hounsfield tensometer), to determine mechanical properties of three different plain carbon steel materials (low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and high carbon steel). Also, their grain structure is to be examined using a Metallurgical microscope. BACKGROUND The three different materials are the low-carbon, medium-carbon and high carbon steels. Their tensile strength is examined which by definition is explained as the amount of stress that a material can resist when a force pulls it along its length until a complete deformation takes place. A ductile material is a material that contains the properties of plasticity and tenacity and it's able to change its shape when a force acts on it and can keep that changed shape even after that force is removed. (Timings R. 2006) The tensile test is mainly used to specify the strength and ductility of a material. Also the tensile test involves: 1. Material showing a yield point which is the point that an extension takes place without any increase in load 2. Proof stress which is used to determine the amount of plastic deformation. 3. Secant modulus which is used to determine the elasticity of the material. (Timings R. 2006) Plain carbon steels: Ferrous metals are basically a metallic material (iron) and it means that iron is combined with carbon. Iron and carbon, the simplest of the ferrous metals (Latin ferrum=iron), are the main elements of plain carbon steels. Low-carbon steels have a carbon content 0,1-0,3% in addition to impurities. This kind of steels cannot be directly hardened by heat treatment, but they can be readily carburized and case hardened. The type of medium-carbon steels have a carbon content 0,3-0,5%. They can be toughened by heat treatment. All types of high carbon steels (carbon content 0,8-1,0%) are extremely strong and their response to heat treatment is better than the medium-carbon steels. However, because of the high carbon content they can be hardened to a high degree of hardness. (Timings R. 2006) The iron-carbon (Fe-C) diagram in figure1 helps to study and learn more about the microstructure of carbon steels as well as their heat treatment. Figure1. â€Å"The Fe-C phase diagram shows which phases are to be expected.† (1) â€Å"At the low-carbon end of the Fe-C phase diagram, we distinguish ferrite (alpha-iron), which can at most dissolve 0.028 wt. % C at 738 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, and austenite (gamma-iron), which can dissolve 2.08 wt. % C at 1154 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C.† (1) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE In order to complete this test, three tensile test specimens, each of different carbon content, are given. Also a tensometer machine is available in order to tense the specimens. The machine works as follows: Firstly, the specimen is placed on the machine and a force pulls it along its length. This force is measured (in kN) on a digital force meter which is connected to the machine. On the top there is a cylinder with a graph paper around it in order to sketch a graph of force against the extension of the specimen. This is done by moving the pointer on the graph paper by 0,5kN respectively and pointing on the graph each time the reading on the digital force meter increases by 0,5kN, for instance, if the reading reaches 1,0kN the pointer has to be pointing at 1,0kN and by the time that the reading is 1,0kN a point is sketched on the graph. (See figure 2 below) Figure 2. Furthermore, measurements of the length and cross-sectional area were taken before and after the test in order to determine the percentages of elongation and the reduction in area. The last part of the experiment is to examine the three micro-specimens given which is the exact same material and condition as the three materials used on the tensile machine and determine the percentage of the carbon content of their grain structure. This is done by using a Metallurgical Microscope. RESULTS The results of the experiment were calculated and recorded on a table as shown below: Test piece material % carbon content Yield strength (N/mm2) Ultimate tensile strength (N/mm2) % elongation % reduction in area Specimen A Low-carbon steel 0,1 315 430 37 66 Specimen D Medium-carbon steel 0,4 475 660 28 62 Specimen N High-carbon steel 0,8 932 960 13 30 All the specimens had normalized treatment conditions. Graphs were plotted for every specimen, which state clearly the points of force and extension. (See Tables below) The ultimate tension strength (uts) was calculated by the following formula: â€Å"† (3) The yield strength (ys) was calculated by the following formula: â€Å"† (4) The elongation percentage (elon.) was calculated by the following formulae: â€Å"† (5) The reduction in cross-sectional area (red.csa) was calculated by the following formula: â€Å"x 100† (6) Microstructure results The following specimens are the result of the experiment. The white region of each specimen is ferrite and the gray region is pearlite. The carbon content is determined using the iron-carbon (Fe-C) phase diagram. SPECIMEN A SPECIMEN D SPECIMEN N DISCUSSION The experiment is now completed and a discussion about the results is made. The values calculated in the experiment are going to meet the theoretical values of the three specimens used. In the table below all the results were recorded: CALCULATED THEORETICAL Low carbon steel UTS (N/mm2) 430 162-3200 YS (N/mm2) 315 140-2400 ELONGATION (%) 37 1-48 REDUCTION A. (%) 66 13-99 Medium carbon steel UTS (N/mm2) 660 450-2290 YS (N/mm2) 475 245-1940 ELONGATION (%) 28 0.6-34.2 REDUCTION A. (%) 62 0.2-71.4 High carbon steel UTS (N/mm2) 960 161-3200 YS (N/mm2) 932 275-2750 ELONGATION (%) 13 1.9-30 REDUCTION A. (%) 30 13.4-75.2 The table above show clearly that the calculated values are close to the theoretical values. This means that the experiment was successful and the calculation were correct. Although, there's always a small percentage error in every experiment. The most common error in every experiment is the human error and this is the main type of error that may took place in this experiment. Also, differences in temperature and the purity of the material used is an important issue. Furthermore, from the examination of determining the grain structure of each material under the microscope the difference between them was very clear. For instance, the different amount of ferrite and pearlite could be identified, high-carbon steel had darker color than low and medium carbon steels which means that the amount of pearlite is almost 100%. Also, from the tables plotted on the tensometer machine the load that every specimen could withstand, the elongation percentage and the reduction in cross-sectional area were different. By considering these values, low-carbon steels have the least amount of load before complete deformation and the most percentage on both reduction in cross-sectional and elongation of the three specimens. This means that low-carbon steels have the least amount of carbon. In addition, low carbon steels can be defined as ductile materials. Medium-carbon and high-carbon steels are less ductile have les percentage of elongation. This means that they are harder and they are applied more load in order for deformation to take place. Finally, the last part of the discussion is about the different yield point of the three specimens. If the graphs are considered, a sudden fall of the load appears to take place on the graphs of low and medium carbon steels during the procedure. This means that the two specimens faced a reduction in cross-sectional area (also known as necking). This doesn't seem to happen to the specimen of high-carbon steel which means that the deformation took place without having any noticeable reduction in cross-sectional area as the load was kept increasing. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the three specimens where tested and results were given. Since the calculated values meet the theoretical values, the experiment was successful. Discussion about the ductility and the main structure of the given specimens was made and also the differences between them were stated.

Borrowings Words Research Paper Essay

Introduction The theme of the research paper is â€Å"English borrowings†. This theme arouses my interest as it’s widely discussed in all scientific circles. New languages are born, some die out, and lots of them mix up with each other. These facts have a great influence on the humanity. Nowadays the language that influences Russian the most is English. English has become an international language and is used all over the world. More and more people, both youth and grown ups, use this words in their speech. These words are used in all sorts of activities: politics, fashion, trade, medicine, law, military, mass media, sports. The aim of my research paper is to investigate the borrowed words in different spheres of life and their usage in modern Russian language. The tasks of the research paper: * to give general information about the borrowed words; * to investigate the process and the way of borrowings; * to determine the importance of the borrowed words. The subject of my research paper is borrowings. Methods of investigation are: * the method of observation; * questionnaires; * magazine and TV programme analyzing; * interviewing. Practical significance of the results of investigation consists in the fact they can be used in teaching English for Belarusian and Russian students. We all agree that a language is the most important part of human communication. The main element of every language is speech. It consists of words and word combinations. Lots of words in Russian are borrowed from other languages. The knowledge of these words is essential as we meet them every day and everywhere. These words are usually not specific but are known to the most part of native speakers. Borrowings – are words and word combinations, adopted from one language to another according to its phonetic and grammatical rules. Borrowing – 1) (process) resorting to the word-stock of other languages for words to express new concepts, to further differentiate the existing concepts and to name new objects, etc.; 2) (result) a loan word, borrowed word – a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic sh ape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language. The number of borrowings is different in each language. There are languages full of loan-words, such as Korean: it includes about 2/3 of Chinese lexical units. Others have a little number of loan-words: such as Russian, French and German. Nevertheless, there are languages – Czech, Chinese and Hungarian – which make an effort in order to avoid the input of foreign words and try to make up new words and expressions for a new concept by their own lexical units. But there is no language without any borrowings because nations can’t be separated from each other and communication – cultural, scientific and trade – can’t be synthetically stopped. There are different types of borrowings. In the most cases the necessity of adopting some word appears with the penetration of corresponding item or acquiring new notion. In this way the word â€Å"Ã' Ã ¿Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ¢â‚¬  – â€Å"spoutnik† in French and â€Å"sputnik† in English was borrowed by many languages from Russian after the launch of the first Soviet artificial sputnik of the Earth. The flow of borrowing foreign words into Russian language had especially increased in 90-s. It is connected with the inflexions in such spheres as politics, economy, culture and new concepts of morality. The extraordinary expansion of foreign lexica had been observed in this period. I Reasons for borrowings From the ancient times Belarusian nation came into cultural, trade, military and political relations with other states that certainly lead to the language borrowings. Within the process of usage the majority of them were exposed by the borrowing language influence. Step by step loan-words, assimilated (from Lat. â€Å"assimilare† – Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã ²Ã °Ã ¸Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ´Ã ¾Ã ±Ã »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å') in borrowing language, had formed the layer of widespread words and by this time weren’t perceived as foreign anymore. In different epoch words from other languages penetrated into original Russian vocabulary. The borrowed words appeared mostly in such spheres as mass-media, advertising and IT, because they present the most update phenomena of our modern lifestyle. It became fashionable for nowadays to use borrowings which came from English into Russian. It is conditioned by the tendency of American society idealisation, where the social life level is very high. Also we can’t deny the speed of technical progress in English speaking countries. It is obvious that they have a great potential in almost every sphere of modern society. That’s why we need to borrow words in order to name new concepts. Day after day people rig their houses with the most modern and high-technological equipment. So in order to use such â€Å"house-helpers† people had to study the technological information including the appropriate terminology. So that such words as â€Å"Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã µÃ ²Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¾Ã'€â€ , â€Å"Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã ºÃ' Ã µÃ'€â€  and many others came into our lives. The most demonstrative example is the word â€Å"Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€â€ . Not so long ago this notion acquired the status of everyday usage word with the process of total computerization. We can hear this term almost everywhere and even from a little child. Almost in every newspaper we can see advertisements with such a text: â€Å"Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'  Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚ Ã' Ã ¾ Ð ·Ã ½Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µÃ ¼ ПК†; and everyone understands that it means the knowledge of various computer programmes. The other reason and may be the most important is that English language nowadays serves as the language of international communication. May be we should wait a little and â€Å"Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ã'Å' Ð ² Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ½ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð º Ã' Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð µÃ'‚Ã' Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  as Sergey Yesenin wrote in his poem. Many Russian scientists are very troubled with the tendency of English and American words penetration into Russian language. There are a lot of examples in the history when one language gradually absorbed the other one. But as for me I think that Russian language is very rich and it has a great potential to get rid of everything superfluous or unnecessary and it is one of the richest language of the world while including a layer of loan-words in its vocabulary. But in addition to the classical borrowings, which serve to identify new notions, there is a new tendency in Russian language – borrowing the words from English language, which alre ady exist and are used in everyday life. For example, it is very fashionable to say â€Å"Ã'…Ð °Ã ¸Ã'€â€  from English â€Å"hair† which means â€Å"Ð ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‹ Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ °Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"Ã'„Ã' Ã ¹Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  from English â€Å"face† instead Russian â€Å"Ð »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¾Ã¢â‚¬ . It is clear that we can’t use such borrowings in the scientific speech or in literary works. Here we can talk about the process of stylistic distinction of the loan-words. Everything is changeable and language especially. The reason is that the language is the most sensitive phenomenon to the changes in the surrounding world: economics, politics and technological progress with its inventions. Only language can express our feelings, actions, thoughts and relations among people, events that occur with us. II Spheres of borrowings The joining of borrowings into Russian language increased especially in 90 years of XX century. The tendency of expansion foreign words could be observed in almost every sphere of life. It occupied the leading position in political sphere of the country getting accustomed with new concepts: president, inauguration, speaker, impeachment, electorate and others. Such words began to form the layer of new social and political vocabulary. At last time, the main source of linguistic stuff became contemporary mass media. While reading newspapers or watching TV every person is confronted with a great number of borrowed words. In this way, new concepts come into our life. The speed of foreign words’ penetration became faster within the development of mass media. It is necessary to stand for spheres of borrowing of English words such as: information technologies, a policy, the international relations and cooperation, business sphere, cultural interaction of the countries and the people, sports. The process of adoption of new words is determined by nations’ contacts which generate a necessity of new concepts and ideas nomination. Such words are usually the results of some nation’s innovation in any sphere of science or technics. They may also appear as a consecutive result of snobbery, fashion. Nevertheless, there are essential linguistic reasons: for instance, the necessity to express polysemantic Russian words by means of foreign word or to widen the expressive means of a language, etc. III Classification of borrowings Linguistic borrowing are words (morpheme or syntactic construction) and set expressions, moved from one language to another. The beginning of English borrowings in Russian language refers to the beginning of XVII century. Later by the middle of XIX century loan-words entered Russian to become its essential part. The word-stock of international vocabulary was being arisen. 1. Loan-word can be a synonym to the original one: For example: Ð ¤Ã °Ã ¹Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€ – Ð ±Ã ¾Ã µÃ'†; ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ³ – Ð ½Ã °Ã ±Ã »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; КÐ ¸Ã »Ã »Ã µÃ'€ – Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã'†Ð °; ПÐ ¸Ã °Ã'€ – Ã' Ã ²Ã' Ã ·Ã ¸ Ã'  Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'‰Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å'Ã'Ž; КÐ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚ – Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€; etc. 2. Loan-word can replace the Russian word: For example: Ð ¡Ã µÃ ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã ´-Ã'…Ã' Ã ½Ã ´ – Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã' Ã' Ã ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¼Ã °Ã ³Ã °Ã ·Ã ¸Ã ½; КÐ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÃ'‚Ð µÃ'€ – Ð ­Ãâ€™ÃÅ"; Ð ¨Ã ¾Ã'Æ' – Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ; etc. 3. Loan-word that has no equivalent in Russian language, new notions borrowed from another culture with the respective unit or concept: For example: Ð ¡Ã ¿Ã'€Ã' Ã ¹; ИÐ ½Ã ²Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€; Ð’Ð ¸Ã'€Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹; ЛÃ' Ã ¿Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¿; ДÐ °Ã ¹Ã ´Ã ¶Ã µÃ' Ã'‚; etc. In some cases the application of foreign words is not appropriate, in others – it is necessary, as these words make up an essential part of lexis, fixed over the definite style. Types of borrowings It is possible to distinguish the following groups of loan-words: 1. Direct borrowings. The words are met in Russian in the same form and in the same meaning as in the initial language. They are: â€Å"Ã'Æ'Ð ¸Ã º-Ã' Ã ½Ã ´Ã¢â‚¬  – weekend, leisure time; â€Å"Ð ±Ã »Ã' Ã ºÃ¢â‚¬  – black(man) or Afro-American; â€Å"Ð ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã¢â‚¬  – money or cash. 2. Hybrids. These words were formed by addition of Russian suffixes, prefixes and endings to the foreign root. In this way the meaning of the word often changes. For example: â€Å"Ð ±Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å'† (busy – Ð ±Ã µÃ' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹, Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚Ð »Ã ¸Ã ²Ã'‹Ð ¹), â€Å"Ð ·Ã °Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ð ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å'†, â€Å"Ð »Ã °Ã ¹Ã ºÃ ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å'†, â€Å"Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å'† and others. 3. Calques. Word of foreign origin using with the preservation of its phonetic and graphic shape. They are: â€Å"Ð ºÃ ¾Ã  ´Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ²Ã ¸Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ºÃ »Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ´Ã ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ã' Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ³Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ±Ã °Ã ºÃ' Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Ð ´Ã ¸-Ð ´Ã ¶Ã µÃ ¹Ã¢â‚¬  etc. 4. Half-calques. Words which after being grammatically assimilated were put under the grammatical rules of Russian language (suffixation). For example: â€Å"Ð ´Ã'€Ð °Ã ¹Ã ²Ã¢â‚¬  – â€Å"Ð ´Ã'€Ð °Ã ¹Ã ²Ã °Ã¢â‚¬  (drive) â€Å"Ð ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾ Ð ½Ã µ Ð ±Ã'‹Ð »Ã ¾ Ã'‚Ð °Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ´Ã'€Ð °Ã ¹Ã ²Ã °Ã¢â‚¬  – Ð ² Ð ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ½Ã µÃ'€Ð ³Ã µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °, Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ã'€Ð °Ã ¶. 5. Exotisms. Such words are characterized by specific national customs or manners of foreign nations and are used to show the atypical for Russian reality notions. The distinctive feature of them is that they have no equivalent or synonyms in Russian. For example: â€Å"Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ¿Ã' Ã'‹â€  (chips), â€Å"Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚-Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ³Ã¢â‚¬  (hot-dog), â€Å"Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ±Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ³Ã µÃ'€â€  (cheeseburger). 6. Foreign lingual spots. Such words usually have lexical equivalents, but they stylistically differ from these equivalents and are used in the sphere of communication as expressive means to add a peculiar emotiveness to the speech. For example: â€Å"Ð ¾Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã ºÃ µÃ ¹Ã¢â‚¬  – OK; â€Å"Ð ²Ã °Ã'Æ'† – Wow. 7. Composites. Words which were made by means of two or more English lexical units. For example: â€Å"Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ¾-Ã' Ã °Ã »Ã ¾Ã ½Ã¢â‚¬  –a special apartment for watching movies, â€Å"Ã' Ã µÃ ºÃ ¾ Ð ½Ã ´-Ã'…Ã' Ã ½Ã ´Ã¢â‚¬  – a shop that sells the goods which have already been used, â€Å"Ð »Ã °Ã'Æ'Ð ½Ã ¶-Ð ±Ã °Ã'€â€  – a comfortable cocktail bar. 8. Jargonisms. These are words appeared in consequence of some sounds distortion. For example: â€Å"Ð ¼Ã'‹Ð »Ã ¾Ã¢â‚¬  – e-mail, â€Å"Ð ºÃ'€Ð µÃ ·Ã °Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'‹Ð ¹, Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ·Ã °Ã ½Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'‹Ð ¹Ã¢â‚¬  – crazy. If to speak about the time period there are two major types of borrowings. The first type is presented by old borrowings which were actualized during last years with respect to the political and economical systems modification. The second type includes the number of loan-words which were made directly during last years. IV Research part Nowadays the language that influences Russian the most is English. It is unsurprisingly because English has become an international language and is used all over the world. With the help of the Internet and the mass media the number of English slang words are increasing. More and more people, both youth and grown-ups, use these words in their speech. These words are used in all sorts of activities: politics, fashion, trade, medicine, law, military, mass media, sports. I have analyzed: 1. some TV programs; 2. some newspapers, magazines; 3. the names of the shops in Novogrudok and Minsk; to find out how deeply English borrowings have come into Russian. PART 1 English borrowings on TV The biggest part of borrowings comes from: * the names of some channels; * new kinds of programs invented in the USA and the UK; * new types of films; * sports programs; * music programs. The titles of some channels contain English letters or words. For example: EuroSport, National Geographic channel, Discovery Channel, Animal planet, Viasat History, Europe Plus, Kino club, EuroNews. A big part of entertaining programs were invented in the USA. That’s why the names of some types of programs are English. We can name capital show, talk show, reality show, paranormal show. Modern types of some films have come also from the US, because the motion picture arts were born there. It is a thriller, a detective, a western, a soap-opera, a love story, a sitcom, a fantasy, an action film. So many English words have entered the Russian speech from TV. A lot of English borrowings dedicated to different kinds of sports have come into Russian language. It is possible to explain it because many sports were originated in England. I will give for example channel TNT where some names of programs are English borrowings and it is brightly expressed. From TNT we know: Comedy club, Comedy woman, Cosmopolitan video version, Interns, Nasha Russia. In appendix I quoted words, that more often than others we can hear on TV. Youth commercial music and popular-entertaining channels are in the lead. So I can say that English words influence on teenagers and their speech is full of English words. PART 2 English borrowings in newspapers and magazines Lots of people read magazines and newspapers every day. And I have tried to indicate the most used magazines and have noticed that many of them have English names. In the Internet I have found information about the quantity of all the magazines and magazines with English names. I looked through all the magazines and chose only those which contained English names. In the Internet I have found information about the quantity of journals and magazines with English names of Belarusian publishing houses. I looked through all the magazines and chose only those which contained the English names. Even the articles in these journals contained different amounts of borrowings, all depended on the topic of the article and the magazine. â€Å"Cosmopolitan† is very popular with young people. Such Belarusian newspapers and magazines â€Å"Belarus Today†, â€Å"Pressbol†, â€Å"Personal computer†, â€Å"Press hit†, the magazine â€Å"Minsk review†, the magazi ne â€Å"Planet† are popular with people. PART 3 English borrowings in the names of the shops and some goods Borrowings have always come to the language through a variety of goods trade. And today, new products bring its contribution to linguistic borrowing. There are a lot of sources of borrowings. Among them I can name: * names of the stores; * names of cafes and restaurants; * product names; * household appliances. Every day people go shopping and find English words everywhere. Firstly, I would like to highlight the names of the stores in our town and our capital – Minsk, in the title of which there are some English words and letters: Axis, Respect (shoe stores), Berghouse, Tom Tailor, Delta sport, Sportmaster, Belmarket, Massive, Preston-market, Globo, Coolman, Maximus, Prostore and others. Every day people go shopping to buy different goods and the names of these items, written by a bright bold are well-remembered by consumers. We buy food every day and see the words Coca-Cola, Sprite, Bubble Gum, Chupa-chups, Ice-tea, Sandwich, Cracker, Alpine gold, Chips, Ð ¤Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ºÃ'‚ Ã'‚Ð °Ã ¹Ã ¼, Nuts, Snickers, Picnic, Mars, Bounty, Red Bull, beefsteak, grapefruit, Juice, Juicy fruit and others. We use different cleaning products, washing powders. The names of these products are also easily included in our language. Some words related to personal hygiene is also borrowed from the En glish language: Colgate, Fairy, Tide, Blend-a-med, Ariel, Mister Muskul, Clean, Vanish, Dove, Head and Shoulders, Cleaning, Mather care, and others. Food for pets also brings its contribution to the borrowing of words: Pedigree, Whiskas, Puppy, Parrot, Royal Canine and others. Household appliances and computer equipment have given us Cannon, Flash, Computer, Laptop, Notebook, iPhone, iPod, mp3Player, gadget, Smile, trader, level, IQ, chat, Sticker, names of kinds of music, Game, Player, Media, Mixer, Toaster, the names of many brands have become a part of our speech: Top shops, Top hits etc. Borrowings have come into fashion and become the names of cafes, clubs and restaurants: â€Å"Beatles†, â€Å"Blackberry†, â€Å"REST†, â€Å"Aero Cafe†, â€Å"Double Coffee†, â€Å"Chill Out†, â€Å"Quarter City†, â€Å"Birhause†, â€Å"Europe†, â€Å"Overtime†, â€Å"Madison Royal Club†, â€Å"West World Club†, â€Å"Next Club† and others. PART 4 The questionnaire We have asked the pupils of our school some questions on the topic English borrowings: 1. How often do you use English words in your speech (except English lessons)? 1. often 2. sometimes 3. do not use 2. Is it possible to speak without English borrowings? 1. yes 2. no 3. it’s difficult to answer 3. Does Russian need English borrowings? 1. yes 2. no 3. it’s difficult to answer Results of the questionnaire are presented in the appendix. Conclusion During the study of intercultural communication of Russian and English languages it became clear that the process of new words’ borrowing occur intensively enough. So the history of the country has a great influence upon the history of the language. All events in the history such as: wars, revolutions, trade, economical and political contacts, new inventions and many others always have a definite reflection in the lexical system of a language. As for nowadays a great interest of linguists is concentrated upon the Russian–English lingual communication. Increase of informational flow, appearance of Internet, expansion of international relationships, development of world trade, economy, informational technologies, participation in various international competitions, fashion shows and other things are the reasons that caused the new words entering into Russian lexis. The openness of our society leads us to a considerable enlargement of mental outlook and range of interests, and to the improvement of foreign languages knowledge. The number of new concepts and phenomena Russian in origin is very limited. That’s why the adoption of already existing nomination with the respective notion and item is considered to be the most prestigious and effective way of enlarging the vocabulary. We have seen that Russian language is not as systematic as English, or any other European languages, it is a still changing and flexible system. According to this research we can see that modern Russian language can be hardly imagined without English words. The main sources of English borrowings are: Mass media, TV, magazines and Stores. In this course project I have made the classification of loan-words which includes: direct borrowings, hybrids, calques, half-calques, exotisms, foreign lingual spots, composites and jargonisms. Besides there are some other classifications: according to the system-defined relations and according to the time period of borrowing the word. Time will show us if these borrowings can change, enrich or deteriorate the image of Russian language. Time will define the future destiny of each loan-word which is to be finally adopted or rejected by linguistic flavor of the epoch. Russian language has a long history of adopting words dictated by the necessity to perceive useful information in the form of new words drawing on international experience. However, national originality of Russian language did not suffer at all from the penetration of foreign words into it, as the process of borrowing is quite natural way of any language enrichment. Russian language preserved its self-dependency and just got rich by means of borrowed words. So on channels Sport and Belarus 2 we often hear such words as: Football/Match/Football boots, Surfing/Windsurfing, Bodybuilding, Power lifting, Basketball, Snowboard, Free ride, Backcountry, Kickboxing/Mix fight. There are a lot of other kinds of sport: volleyball, tennis, auto sport, motorsport, baseball, skateboarding, Aerobic, Gymnastic, Break dance, arm sport, badminton, bobsleigh, bowling, darts, golf, curling, paintball, Rafting, squash, hockey, cheerleading and so on. There are uncountable quantity of English words that we hear on TV. I want to repeat just few of them which I often hear: TV, show, teenager, model, musical, show business, celebrity, style, fashion, trend, top, super, weekend, test-drive, up-grade, jazz, hip-hop, rap, pop, rock-and-roll, cover, PR-manager, image-maker, battle, freestyle, casting, comment, Hollywood, designer, track, boyfriend, price-list, exclusive. Some of the Belarus periodicals: AutoNews.by. Automobile news. www.autonews.by The Internet newspaper â€Å"BSB NEWS† Economic reviews, exchange rates, news, comments, bank services, events, reportings, author’s materials. www.news.bsb.by The newspaper â€Å"Autodigest† Automobile weekly journal www. ADT.by The newspaper â€Å"Belarus Today† The electronic version of the newspaper. www.belarustoday.by The newspaper â€Å"Pressbol† News of the Belarus sports, interview, comments, statistics. www. PBby The newspaper â€Å"Personal computer† The news Internet, iron reviews, useful programs, councils skilled, humour and still is a lot of interesting. www. PK.by The newspaper â€Å"Press hit† Weekly the most interesting and actual articles from more than 100 newspapers of the world. www.presshit.by.ru Magazine  «MINSK REVIEW » Reference magazine Magazine â€Å"Business† Monthly business magazine. To PART 4: Results of the questionnaire. List of literature: 1. БÃ'€Ð µÃ ¹Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€ ÐÅ". Ð .  «Ã Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼Ã'‹ Ð ² Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð ºÃ µ: Ð ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ¸ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã'‹Â », Ð’Ð »Ã °Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã º: Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾  «Ãâ€Ã ¸Ã °Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã‚ », 1995. 2. ГÃ'Æ'Ã'€Ã'Å'Ð µÃ ²Ã ° Ð ¢.Ð . Ð ¡Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ã'Å' Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ². – ÐÅ": ООО Â «ÃÅ"Ð ¸Ã'€ Ð ºÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ³Ã ¸Ã‚ », 2003. 3. ДÃ'Å'Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ² Ð . И.  «ÃÅ¸Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'‹ Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'‚Ð µÃ ½Ã' Ã ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ·Ã °Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã ² Ð ² Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð ºÃ µÃ‚ », Ð Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã' Ã ¸Ã ±Ã ¸Ã'€Ã' Ã º, Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾  «Ã ¯Ã ·Ã'‹Ð º Ð ¸ Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð °Ã‚ », 2003. 4. Ðâ€"Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ² Ð .Ð ¤. ИÐ ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ·Ã °Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ² Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ¸Ã ¸ (Ã'„Ð ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °, Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã'€Ã'„Ð ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã' , Ð »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ã' Ã µÃ ¼Ã °Ã ½Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ °) // ГÐ ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ´Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã µ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ'‡Ð ¸Ã µ. ÐÅ"., 1984 5. КÐ ¾Ã ¶Ã µÃ ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ° Ð’. П., Ð Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã °Ã µÃ ²Ã ° П. Ð .  «Ãâ€ºÃ ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ºÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ã'Å' », ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ ²Ã °, Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾  «Ã ¡Ã ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã ºÃ  °Ã'  Ã' Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ºÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã' Ã‚ », 1987. 6. КÃ'€Ã'‹Ã' Ã ¸Ã ½ Л. П.  «ÃËœÃ ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ° Ð ² Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¶Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã ¸. Ð  Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð º Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'†Ð ° XX Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã »Ã µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã' Ã‚ », ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ ²Ã °, 1996. 7. Ð ­Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ã' Ã »Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'€Ã'Å'  «ABBYY Lingvo 11 » Ã'ˆÐ µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ², 2005. 8. www.belsmi.narod.ru. 9. www.philology.ru 10. www.wikipedia.org 11. yazykoznanie.ru